Effect of Biochar and Microbial Inoculation on P, Fe, and Zn Bioavailability in a Calcareous Soil

To identify effective ways of increasing the yield crops grown in nutrient-poor calcareous soils, combined effects biochar addition and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on wheat soil properties were investigated under rhizobox conditions. Measured included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content (OM), availability P, Fe, Zn rhizosphere, uptake these elements by plants. Combined microbial shown to significantly increase concentration available forms when compared non-biochar treatments. The highest pH (7.82) was observed following without inoculation. EC PGPR higher than other treatments, OM combining AMF addition. P after 27.81% control conditions, increased Fe bioavailability factors 2.38 1.29, respectively, relative alone. simultaneous shoot rates a application Under seen 1.64 1.21, respectively. In general, it can be concluded that growth-promoting bacteria effectively improve nutrient